To run at peak performance, the human body needs a range of important nutrients. Learn what they are and why you need them in order to maintain optimum health.

Fruits and Vegetables contain a wealth of health giving nutrients
Vitamins
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is a single term given to a number of related compounds. Beta Carotene and other Carotenoids found in foods such as carrots and cantaloupe can be converted into Vitamin A within the body.
Vitamin A is an anti infective Vitamin. It is required for the function of the cells that form the first line of defence against outside invaders. Vitamin A is also crucial for proper vision, especially night vision. It is also essential for the formation of healthy red blood cells and normal growth and development.
Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)
Vitamin B2 is an essential component in certain enzymes that are required for the production of energy from food. Vitamin B1 is also needed for the production of Adenosine Triphosphate or (ATP). This energy system is the primary energy system used by the body and is especially important during activities like weight training.
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Vitamin B2 is an essential component in certain enzymes that are required for the production of energy from food. Vitamin B2 is also needed for the production of several important antioxidant enzymes including glutathione.
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Vitamin B3 is an essential component in certain enzymes that are required for the production of energy from food. Vitamin B3 is also needed for the health and growth of cells and it plays a role in DNA repair and stress response.
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
Vitamin B5 is a component of an important enzyme that produces energy from food. This enzyme is also needed to synthesise fats, cholesterol and certain hormones and is required by the liver for the process of detoxification of harmful substances.
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 is a component of the enzyme that releases glucose (energy) from storage sites found mostly within muscle. It also plays an important role in proper nervous system function and oxygen uptake into the blood stream.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 is a component of an enzyme that produces energy from fats and proteins and it plays an important role in maintaining healthy cells. Vitamin B12 also aids in the transportation of oxygen throughout the bloodstream.
Vitamin C
Vitamin C functions as an antioxidant, helping to protect the body from damage caused by free radicals and external pollutants and may possess the ability to regenerate other antioxidants like Vitamin E. Vitamin C is needed to produce collagen, a structural component of skin, tendon and bone and it plays important roles in proper brain function and cholesterol metabolism.

Oranges are a good source of Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin D aids in both Calcium absorption for healthy bones and Calcium utilization for a healthy nervous system. It is important for proper immune system function and healthy cell development.
Vitamin E
Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant. It helps to protect the body from damage caused by free radicals and external pollutants. Through its function as an antioxidant, Vitamin E exhibits heart protective qualities.
Once a Vitamin E molecule disarms a free radical its ability to function as an antioxidant is lost, however, it may be regenerated by other antioxidants including Vitamin C.
Vitamin K
Vitamin K is required for efficient blood clotting and is important for strong, healthy bones. Vitamin K is also needed for proper cell function and it plays a part in the maintenance of a healthy cardiovascular system.
Folate
Folate is required for DNA metabolism and a higher dietary intake is especially important during pregnancy because of the rapid cell division and growth of the unborn baby. Folate is also required as part of an enzyme that breaks down a protein called homocystine. A high blood level of homocystine is linked to heart disease.
Minerals
Calcium
Calcium is the major structural component of bone and is the most abundant mineral in the human body. It plays an integral role in nerve transmission, muscle contraction and secretion of certain hormones. Calcium is also needed along with Vitamin K for proper blood clotting.

Green leafy vegetables like Spinach are a great source of Calcium
Magnesium
Magnesium plays a structural role in bone and in cell membranes. It is needed for proper nerve conduction and muscle contraction and therefore, affects the rhythm of the heart. Magnesium is also needed for energy production from fats and carbohydrates and it is required for the function of the Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) energy system which is especially important during weight training. Magnesium is also required for intercellular communication.
Potassium
Potassium is an electrolyte mineral, meaning that is has the ability to conduct electricity when it is in solution. In this way, Potassium plays a crucial role in muscle contraction and nerve function and in maintaining normal heart rhythm.
Zinc
Zinc is important for proper growth, development and reproduction and it is needed for healthy cell structure and function. It is also required for proper neurological function and immune system response.
Iron
Iron is required for the transportation and storage of oxygen within the body. An Iron containing compound is needed for cellular energy production and Iron is also an essential part of certain anti oxidant enzymes responsible for protecting cells from free radical damage.
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is required for all energy production and storage within the body. This includes Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy system used during weight training. Phosphorus is also a major structural component of both bone and of cell membranes.
Manganese
Manganese is required for the formation of the primary antioxidant enzyme found in the energy producing structures of cells. It is needed for the maintenance of healthy skin through its role in collagen production and is important for proper bone development.
Selenium
Selenium is an essential component of the anti oxidant enzyme glutathione which is responsible for neutralizing potentially harmful free radicals. Through its role as an anti oxidant enzyme, Selenium is important for the protection of maturing sperm and thus male reproductive function. Selenium is required by another compound that can regenerate anti oxidants like Vitamin C and it is also needed for thyroid hormone production.
Copper
Copper is required for the production of a powerful anti oxidant enzyme and is important for proper brain and nervous system function. It plays a critical role in cellular energy production and it is important for the health of the heart and blood vessels. Copper is also necessary for the formation of healthy connective tissue.
Chromium
Although the full needs for Chromium by the human body are not yet known Chromium is still considered an essential mineral.
Chromium acts to enhance the effectiveness of insulin within the body. Insulin is secreted by the pancreas in response to elevated blood glucose levels whereby it then transfers the glucose into the cells for use as energy. Decreased insulin response can lead to type 2 diabetes.

Garlic is a good source of Chromium
Iodine
Through its role in thyroid hormone production, the mineral Iodine is essential for a number of physiological processes including growth, development, reproductive function and metabolism.
Macronutrients
Protein
Protein is made up of amino acids. There are over 20 amino acids used by the human body, 9 of which are considered to be ‘essential’ amino acids because they can not be made by the body and therefore must be acquired through the diet.
Protein is required for every cellular process within the body and is needed for the growth and repair of bodily tissue including muscle, hair and nails.
Complex Carbohydrates
As the name suggests Complex Carbohydrates are Carbohydrates that are complex in structure, meaning that they take longer for the body to break them down. This means that they provide the body with a more sustained energy source as opposed to simple Carbohydrates (sugars) which are used up quickly as energy.
Omega 3 and 6 Essential Fatty Acids
Omega 3 and 6’s are considered Essential Fatty Acids which means that the body cannot produce them and therefore they must be sourced from the diet. They are important for vital organ function and cellular health and activity. They help to maintain a healthy brain and vision and are cardiovascular protective thanks to their anti inflammatory, anti coagulant and cholesterol lowering properties.
The key is to have the correct ratio of Omega 3 and 6. Most western diets tend to consume an excessive amount of Omega 6 and there is evidence that a diet too high in Omega 6 may pose health risks including problems associated with inflammation. It has been suggested that a ratio of 1:1 to 1:4 Omega 3 to Omega 6 is the optimum balance for maintaining good health.
Omega 9 Fatty Acids
Omega 9 Fatty Acids like those found in Olive Oil (Oleic Acid), help to promote and support a healthy heart and cardiovascular system thanks to their ability to lower LDL (low density lipoproteins) or ‘bad’ cholesterol.
This is most likely due to the fact that Oleic Acid can help to protect LDL cholesterol from oxidative damage. Oxidation of LDL cholesterol is associated with hardening of the artery walls, a risk factor of heart disease.
There is evidence to suggest that Omega 9’s may also increase HDL (high density lipoproteins) or ‘good’ cholesterol. It is thought that HDL can remove cholesterol from the arteries and transport it back to the liver for excretion or to be re-utilized.

Olive oil is rich in Omega 9 Fatty Acids
Other Important Nutrients
Fibre
There are two types of Fibre: Insoluble and Soluble.
Insoluble Fibre can not be digested by the body and so, passes through the digestive system helping to clean it out. By doing this, it shortens the time in which the body is in contact with waste material, and lessens the chance of constipation.
Soluble Fibre can be broken down in water and releases nutrients though a process of fermentation in the large intestine. Soluble Fibre has been shown to help lower blood cholesterol levels thus improving the health of the cardiovascular system.
Choline
Choline is a nutrient that is important for the structure of cell membranes and is an essential component of a neurotransmitter responsible for muscle control and memory. Choline also plays an important role in fat transport and metabolism.
Carotenoids
Carotenoids are pigments that are found in plants. There are over 600 known Carotenoids some of which have exhibited health promoting qualities when consumed by humans. Many act as antioxidants, guarding against free radical damage within the body. Some, like Beta Carotene, the pigment that gives carrots and cantaloupes their orange colour, are used by the body to make the immune boosting Vitamin A.

Carrots are rich in Beta Carotene, a Carotenoid used by the body to produce immunity boosting Vitamin A
Flavonoids
Flavonoids are substances found in plants that have many functions including producing plant colour pigment and providing protection against microscopic invaders and insects.
When consumed by humans, certain Flavonoids demonstrate positive effects on health. This is due to their antioxidant and anti inflammatory properties and some Flavonoids have also demonstrated the ability to alter the body’s response to certain viruses, allergens and carcinogens. Therefore, many Flavonoids are now known to help promote a healthy cardiovascular system while others are known to possess anti cancer properties.
Phenols
Phenols are a broad category of plant based compounds that include sub categories like Flavonoids and Phytoestrogens. Many Phenols have health promoting activity including anti oxidant and anti viral properties while others are known to effect hormone levels.
Allium Compounds
These are compounds found in foods that belong to the Allium family which includes Garlic and Onions. Allium Compounds have many cardio protective qualities thanks to their blood thinning and anti inflammatory properties and they exhibit anti fungal and anti bacterial ability as well. There is also evidence to suggest that they may play a part in the prevention of certain types of cancers.